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Li Chongrun
Li Chongrun () (682 – October 8, 701〔(兩千年中西曆轉換 )〕), né Li Chongzhao (), formally Crown Prince Yide ( ), was an imperial prince of the Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty. He was the only son of Emperor Zhongzong (Li Zhe/Li Xian) and Emperor Zhongzong's second wife Empress Wei. In 701, he offended his grandmother Wu Zetian by discussing Wu Zetian's lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong with his sister Li Xianhui the Lady Yongtai and her husband Wu Yanji (武延基) the Prince of Wei, and he, along with Li Xianhui and Wu Yanji, were forced to commit suicide.〔The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' asserted that Li Chongrun was forced to commit suicide, but the ''Old Book of Tang'' and the ''New Book of Tang'' asserted in his biographies that he was caned to death on Wu Zetian's orders. Compare ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 207, with ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 86 () and ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 81.() The ''Old Book of Tang'', meanwhile, inconsistently asserted in the chronicles of Wu Zetian's reign that he was forced to commit suicide. See ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 6.() The chronicles of Wu Zetian's reign in the ''New Book of Tang'' merely stated that the three of them "were killed." See ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 4.()〕〔However, some modern historians, based on the text on Li Xianhui's tombstone (written after Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne in 705), which suggested that she died the day after her brother and her husband and that she was pregnant at death, and the fact that the skeleton believed to be hers had a small pelvis, have proposed the theory that she was not ordered to commit suicide, but had, in grief over her brother's and husband's deaths, had either a miscarriage or a difficult birth and died from that. See, e.g., illustrations preceding the ''Bo Yang Edition'' of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 49. It may be notable that the Chinese Wikipedia article for Li Xianhui gave the text for her tombstone, but did not give a citation corroborating the text in the article, although on the Web the text appeared to be generally accepted as true — including by Chinese government Web sites. See, e.g., (Shaanxi government site ).〕 He was posthumously honored as crown prince after his father Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne in 705 and in 706, Emperor Zhongzong provided Li Chongrun with an honorable burial by interring his remains at the Qianling Mausoleum.
== During Emperor Gaozong's reign and Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong's first reigns ==
Li Chongrun, then named Li Chongzhao, was born in 682, to then-Crown Prince Li Zhe and Li Zhe's wife Crown Princess Wei.〔It is unclear whether he was Li Zhe's first son, as asserted by ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 86, as his brother Li Chongfu, described as the second son, was said to have died at age 30 when he was killed in 710 -- which would make his birth date 680, two years before Li Chongzhao's. The ''New Book of Tang'' avoid the issue by not giving birth ordinals to either Li Chongzhao or Li Chongfu. See ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 81.〕 Shortly after Li Chongzhao's birth, Li Zhe's father Emperor Gaozong created Li Chongzhao the unprecedented title of Deputy Crown Prince (皇太孫, ''Huang Taisun'')〔The title of ''Huang Taisun'' had been used before for the crown prince during the reigns of Emperor Hui of Jin and Emperor Wu of Southern Qi, but had never been used for a son of a crown prince. See response by official Wang Fangqing to Emperor Gaozong's inquiry in ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 203.〕 and gave him a staff. When Emperor Gaozong became ill at the eastern capital Luoyang late in 683, Emperor Gaozong summoned Li Zhe to Luoyang and left the capital Chang'an, where Li Zhe was previously in charge, nominally under Li Chongzhao, but with the chancellor Liu Rengui actually in charge.〔The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' indicated that the son of Li Zhe left nominally in charge of Chang'an was Li Chongfu the Prince of Tangchang. See ''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 203. However, both the ''Old Book of Tang'' and the ''New Book of Tang'' indicated that it was Li Chongzhao who was left in charge, and as Li Chongzhao's position was higher than Li Chongfu's, as he had the title of deputy crown prince, it appeared more likely that Li Chongzhao was in charge. See ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 84,() and ''New Book of Tang'', vol. 180.() The ''Old Book of Tang'' did, elsewhere, indicate that Li Chongfu, not Li Chongzhao, was nominally in charge. See ''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 5.()〕 Later that year, Emperor Gaozong died, and Li Zhe succeeded him (as Emperor Zhongzong), although Li Zhe's mother Empress Wu wielded actual power, as empress dowager.
In spring 684, after Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, Empress Dowager Wu deposed him and reduced him to the title of Prince of Lulin, replacing him with Li Chongzhao's uncle Li Dan the Prince of Yu (as Emperor Ruizong). Shortly thereafter, Li Chongzhao was reduced to commoner rank. It is not completely clear, but he appeared to have been exiled with his parents to Jun Prefecture (均州, in modern Shiyan, Hubei). It might have been around that time that he was renamed to Li Chongrun, to observe naming taboo of Empress Dowager Wu's personal name.
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